President John F Kennedy used Medical Marijuana for Pain


President John F Kennedy used marijuana to deal with severe back pain and control his affliction with Addison’s disease, according to a few written accounts, including “John F. Kennedy: A Biography”, which described this White House scene:

“On the evening of July 16, 1962, according to [Washington Post executive] Jim Truitt, Kennedy and Mary Meyer smoked marijuana together. … The president smoked three of the six joints Mary brought to him. At first he felt no effects. Then he closed his eyes and refused a fourth joint. ‘Suppose the Russians did something now,’ he said.”

President Kennedy long suffered with Addison’s disease (also Addison disease, chronic adrenal insufficiency, hypocortisolism, and hypoadrenalism) which is a rare, chronic endocrine system disorder in which the adrenal glands do not produce sufficient steroid hormones (glucocorticoids and often mineralocorticoids). It is characterized by a number of relatively nonspecific symptoms, such as abdominal pain and weakness, but under certain circumstances, these may progress to Addisonian crisis, a severe illness which may include very low blood pressure and coma.

The condition arises from problems with the adrenal gland, primary adrenal insufficiency, and can be caused by damage by the body’s own immune system, certain infections, or various rarer causes. Addison’s disease is also known as chronic primary adrenocortical insufficiency, to distinguish it from acute primary adrenocortical insufficiency, most often caused by Waterhouse–Friderichsen syndrome. Addison’s disease should also be distinguished from secondary and tertiary adrenal insufficiency, which are caused by deficiency of ACTH (produced by the pituitary gland) and CRH (produced by the hypothalamus), respectively. Despite this distinction, Addisonian crises can happen in all forms of adrenal insufficiency.

Addison’s disease and other forms of hypoadrenalism are generally diagnosed via blood tests and medical imaging. Treatment involves replacing the absent hormones (oral hydrocortisone and fludrocortisone). Lifelong, continuous steroid replacement therapy is required, with regular follow-up treatment and monitoring for other health problems.

Thank You: MarijuanaPatients.org 
 

Medical Marijuana and Epilepsy


A chronic seizure disorder, epilepsy affects millions of people worldwide. The sudden and recurrent seizures that result in altered consciousness, convulsions, and other unwanted motor activity cannot be cured, only controlled. Unfortunately though, approximately 30 percent of all epileptic cases are resistant to standard pharmaceutical treatment. Those suffering from epilepsy who do not respond to typical treatment or are looking for a more natural control method often seek out medical marijuana as an alternative form of treatment.

Medicinal marijuana has been used to treat the symptoms of many debilitating neurological diseases since ancient times, so it’s no wonder that it’s also a go-to drug for epilepsy. In fact, it has been used as an anticonvulsant since 1000BC, according to ancient Indian literature. When marijuana was introduced to Western medicine in the 19th century, it quickly became one of the most commonly prescribed treatment options for controlling epileptic seizures, that is, until it became a prohibited substance in the 20th century and its use plummeted.

Fortunately, as medicinal marijuana has become more commonplace—and legal—in North America in recent years, its use for many disorders and illnesses, including epilepsy, has regained popularity. In fact, a 2004 study claimed that 20 percent of epileptic Canadians were using cannabis to control their seizures on a regular basis, with the majority reporting marked improvements in both severity and frequency, while none reported their symptoms getting worse with use. The endocannabinoid system seems to have a role in seizure activity, making it an effective alternative treatment option. 

Though anecdotal evidence and some limited studies have shown positive results for using medicinal marijuana to control seizure activity, animal studies have suggested that cannabidiol (CBD) provides more consistent health benefits for epilepsy than tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). Both compounds are present in medical marijuana, though ratios can vary. THC has shown conflicting results as an anticonvulsant. Depending on the type of epilepsy, the dosage, and other factors, some THC has shown to exhibit convulsant effects—the opposite effective that epileptic patients seek. In addition, the increased brain activity caused by THC withdrawal could also cause seizures.

On the other hand, there is conclusive evidence that CBD can be a strong anticonvulsant without the risk of causing seizures itself. Those looking to control seizure activity with marijuana should choose strains that are higher in CBD than THC in order to get the maximum health benefits and the lowest risks.

There are many anti-epileptic drugs on the market, all with varying degrees of effectiveness for patients. Animal studies have shown that medical marijuana is just as effective as some pharmaceuticals for preventing seizures, such as chlordiazepoxide and carbamazepine, and even more effective than others, such as ethosuximide, trimethadione, and phenytoin.

However, due to the fact that medical marijuana has never been tested on human subjects suffering epileptic seizures, its use as a treatment for such a neurologic condition is still a hotly debated issue, and physicians are often hesitant to prescribe it instead of pharmaceuticals. Although more data is clearly needed, anecdotal evidence and animal studies have shown that medical marijuana, and particularly CBD, is a safe, natural alternative to pharmaceuticals in the treatment of epilepsy, and in the cases of drug-resistant seizures, it might be the only treatment option available.

As medicinal marijuana starts to become more accepted as a form of treatment in the healthcare industry and society as a whole, more epileptic patients are now benefiting from its use to control seizure activity in order to live more normal daily lives. There’s little doubt that it will become a more prevalent treatment option for epileptic seizures in the future.

Thank You: The Medical Marijuana Association
  

Is Alcohol the Real Gateway Drug?


A new argument has surfaced, based on a new study finding that the age old thinking of recreational marijuana being a “gateway drug” just simply isn’t the case. Of course, some drug abusers are victims of experiencing some sort of gateway drug to get to where they are today, but this new study suggests it’s not marijuana to blame. The culprit actually sits on a shelf behind the bar at your local watering hole. That’s right, the insanely socially accepted substance, alcohol, is the prime suspect.

Using a sample from the University of Michigan’s annual Monitoring the Future survey, the study destroys the theory that recreational marijuana use will open doors to bigger and more destructive drugs, definitively proving that pot is not the primary factor of whether a person will move on to more dangerous substances. It’s no shock to anyone that alcohol is more addictive than THC, which has been proven (and argued) that it’s not addictive at all on a physical level. You could also argue that some alcohol abusers might try to seek out something stronger to quench their insatiable thirst, some even turning to rubbing alcohol like Nick Cage in Leaving Las Vegas.

In the last Youth Risk Behavior Survey, the CDC found that about 71% of American students have had consumed at least one alcoholic beverage in their lifetime. The same survey showed that at least 39% had an alcoholic drink within the last 30 days, and another study in the medical journal, Lancet, ranked alcohol as the most harmful drug of all. They had ranked alcohol above tobacco, cocaine, crack, and even heroin. On top of that, The Lancet study even showed that harm to others near the user were more than doubled those of drugs like heroin. That’s pretty compelling evidence considering recreational marijuana isn’t even on the list, in fact, it’s nowhere near it.

This report shows evidence that substance abuse behaviors can be predicted with a great degree of accuracy by closely studying a subject’s drug history. It shows that marijuana as the primary “gateway drug” to even more dangerous substances got out of hand because of its creators. Creators who conveniently called it the ‘Stepping Stone Hypothesis” in the 1930s. During the age of Reefer Madness, these people had misread the data and had completely failed to do a proper follow up. I wonder why? The latest form of the gateway theory is that it all begins with THC and then moves on to harder and more harmful drugs. According to this study, it confirms this hypothesis, but doesn’t show recreational marijuana as the frontrunner, but rather alcohol as the leading gateway drug.

Compelling evidence considering the fact that marijuana is still firmly planted into the minds of some people as being the “gateway drug” of the present, when in fact, it’s really just a theory from the past.

via: Cannabis Sativa

GROW YOUR MEDICINE Soils and Mediums


There are many options to grow with, and many different types of marijuana growing soils and products of which one is best.  One of the fun things about growing cannabis is experimenting with different techniques and finding the one you feel most comfortable with.

Soil

Soil is composed of clay, sand, rock and organics. Organics are decomposed animal and plant matter that provide the soil with nutrient content.  The rocks and sand provide drainage that helps the roots grow while the clay helps with moisture.  Soil is often full of microorganisms that are breaking down the organics contained within it by feeding on them.  Soil works very well in the ground but can heavy in containers because it can clump.  The use of other ingredients with soil can help lighten it and help water distribute evenly throughout it.

Some of the highest reviewed potting soils include:

  • Happy Frog Potting Soil
  • Roots Organic Potting Soil
  • Vital Earth’s Organic Potting Soil

Perlite

Perlite is a porous white substance that is used to stabilize water holding in plant mixes.  It is very light and actually floats in water.  Perlite is usually used for cloning and mixing with other grow mediums but in some cases is used as the primary medium.

The Whittemore Company has been supplying perlite products since 1919 and we recommend them for all your perlite needs.

Warning! When handling perlite, because of the dust it gives off, the use of a respirator device or facemask is recommended so as not to damage your lungs.

Vermiculite

Vermiculite, crushed volcanic rock, known as “puffed mica”, is medium that provides great drainage when mixed with other grow mediums. It holds water as well as a sponge and because of this, it is often mixed with other ingredients to help with air and water retention.

Vermiculite is very lightweight.  Vermiculite is not often used as a stand-alone medium.
We have had good results with Espoma Organic Vermiculite from GrowersHouse.com
Warning! Dry vermiculate is harmful to breath. Before using it, wet it down so the dust doesn’t get in your lungs.


 Rockwool

Rockwool is spun rock that comes in multiple sizes of cube.  The smaller cubes are often used for seedlings or clones, and are great at draining moisture.  The larger blocks are regularly used in hydroponic systems such as ebb and flow trays.  To make sure there are no air bubbles present, it is recommended to submerge Rockwool in water for 8 hours prior to use.

Rockwool works well with Marijuana roots because it has porosity that helps hold air and water.  It also is the right density so roots can easily grow and move throughout Rockwool.  Rockwool is sterile, meaning it has no nutrients.

When purchasing rockwool we always recommend using Grodan’s products.
Warning! When using rock wool it is recommended to use a facemask when handling it.
Rockwool gives off noxious fibers and should be wetted before use to avoid them.

Hydroton, Coconut Fiber and More at: Cannabis Training University

 

REVIEW the Journey3 pipe Clever Engineering and Cool Design


The Journey3 combines clever engineering and cool design to deliver a cool smooth smoking experience.

The Journey3 is made up of three pieces of zinc alloy held together by a strong magnet. The three pieces come together to form a screen-less filter. The filter not only collects most of the tar but starts the cooling process engineered into the pipe.

The lid keeps your fine smokables secure during your travels and smothers the burning embers between hits.

In my opinion, the best feature of the Journey3 is that it is so easy to clean. Even at it’s dirtiest, the J3 can be cleaned to new with a paper towel, a little bit of alcohol or your favorite cleaner and a couple of minutes. In a pinch, you can even clean everything up pretty good with a dry napkin or paper towel.


The Journey3 definitely makes a great gift for your fellow enthusiasts as well as a great little gift for yourself.





Some Health Benefits of CBD Cannabidiol


There are at least 85 active cannabinoids present in the cannabis plant. Cannabidiol (CBD) is easily the most exciting though, offering a host of medicinal uses. CBD doesn’t have psychoactive effects, meaning you won’t get high by ingesting it.

Cannabis is a profoundly powerful medicine that has been used for thousands of years. As science moves forward, we have been able to really examine just how the cannabis plant affects our body. What we have found is that it offers far more health benefits than previously thought, kind of a cure-all, from pain reliever to anti-cancer agent. We wanted to compile some of the well documented health benefits of cannabidiol to help raise awareness for this natural super-drug.

Cannabidiol has actually been found to negate some of the effects of THC (the psychoactive component in cannabis). More specifically, cannabidiol helps to prevent the acute memory impairment caused by Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC).

Vitamin CBD – Antioxidant Benefits of Cannabidiol

 

We all know how important antioxidants are for our health, and we all know about Vitamin C and Vitamin E. What you probably didn’t know, is that cannabidiol is a more powerful antioxidant than either Vitamin C or E. 

The powerful antioxidant benefits of cannabidiol are thought to be partially responsible for it’s ability to fight chronic inflammation and protect brain cells from reactive oxygen species.

Cannabidiol for Pain Relief

 

“Cannabinoids may be superior to opioids in alleviating intractable pathologic pain syndromes.” – J. Manzanares

The cannabis plant is widely known for its analgesic properties. There are a few cannabinoids that help to relax muscles and relieve pain, but the most prominent is cannabidiol.

Cannabis extracts have been found to relieve pain even more effectively than opioid painkillers. Opioid pain relievers are widely prescribed for pain, however they pose some serious health concerns and are extremely addictive.

Cannabidiol can be used to help treat acute pain, postoperative pain, chronic pain and neuropathic pain. This has made it a preferred pain management treatment for cancer patients, individuals with multiple sclerosis, migraine sufferers and people with phantom limb syndrome.

Neuroprotective Benefits of Cannabidiol

 

Marijuana may have a bad reputation, associated with brain-dead pot-heads and lazy slackers. Contrary to this common misconception, cannabidiol actually helps protect our brain and cognitive function.

Inflammation is a leading contributor to virtually all known diseases, neurodegenerative disorders included. Because cannabidiol acts as a natural anti-inflammatory as well as a potent antioxidant, it is a very promising treatment option for all neurodegenerative disorders. 

Anti-Cancer & Anti-Tumor Benefits

 

Researchers have been searching for a cure for cancer for decades, looking for a treatment option that doesn’t ravage the entire body. After spending well over $100 billion on cancer research, we still don’t have a cure. But the answer may have been hidden in plain site, deep inside the cannabis plant.

Cannabidiol has been found to activate apoptotic pathways in breast cancer cells. Researchers are now exploring the cancer-fighting potential of cannabidiol and the initial results are very promising.

CBD is an antineoplastic agent, meaning it inhibits the growth and spread of tumors. Making it a promising potential treatment option for cancer patients of all kinds.

Improved Fracture Healing & Bone Strength

 

Alright, cannabidiol is a powerful sleep aid, pain reliever, yields serious benefits for our cognitive health and even helps fight cancer. As if that wasn’t remarkable enough, it even helps us heal broken bones.

Don’t expect miraculous healing powers like Wolverine, but one study shows that CBD lead to an improvement in fracture healing, playing a critical role in collagen crosslinking. Meaning it helped fractured bones repair themselves more effectively.

More at: The Chill Bud

MMJ EDIBLE RECIPE Southern Biscuits and Sausage Gravy


These satisfying cannabis-infused biscuits and gravy are a great way to medicate in the morning. These step-by-step directions will help you make the most delicious Southern Style Biscuits and Sausage Gravy.

*This recipe is designed for high tolerance users. Lower tolerance users who make this recipe should substitute regular butter for cannabis-butter in the biscuits recipe.

Strains suggested for use in cannabis-butter & marijuana milk recipes:

Afghan Kush • Ghost Train Haze • Agent Orange • XJ 13

Ingredients

 


Buttermilk Biscuits


  • 2 1/2 cups self-rising flour (OR 2 1/2 cups all-purpose flour, 3 1/4 teaspoons baking powder, and 3/8 teaspoon salt if you do not have self-rising flour)
  • 2 teaspoons sugar
  • 1/2 teaspoon salt
  • 4 tablespoons vegetable shortening
  • 4 tablespoons cannabis-butter (chilled)
  • 1 cup chilled buttermilk

Sausage Gravy


  • 1lb sage pork sausage
  • 1/4 cup finely chopped yellow onion
  • 1/3 cup flour
  • 2 cups whole milk
  • 2 cups whole-marijuana-milk
  • 1/2 teaspoon salt
  • 2 teaspoons black pepper plus more to taste
  • 1/2 teaspoon ground nutmeg
  • 1/2 teaspoon poultry seasoning
  • 2 dashes Worcestershire sauce
  • a pinch of cayenne pepper

Directions


  1. Preheat the oven to 450°F.
  2. Prepare a floured work surface for shaping the dough and an ungreased baking sheet.
  3. Whisk together the flour, sugar, and salt in a medium bowl. Use a fork or pastry blender to cut in the shortening and cannabis-butter. Work quickly to turn the mixture into a coarse, crumbly meal. Don’t handle directly with your hands to avoid warming the butter and shortening.
  4. Make a well in the flour mixture and pour in the buttermilk. Stir with a spoon until the liquid is absorbed and the dough starts to pull away from the sides, adding an additional tablespoon or two of buttermilk if the dough is too dry. You want the dough to be nice an tacky.
  5. Use floured hands to turn the dough onto the floured work surface and fold it over on itself 2 or 3 times. Shape into a 3/4″ round. Use a 2″ biscuit butter and cut out the biscuits, pressing straight down (not twisting).
  6. Place the biscuits on the baking sheet so they just barely touch. Reshape the dough scraps and continue cutting until there is no more dough left. Set aside.
  7. Place a saucepan on the stove over medium-high heat.
  8. Once the pan is hot, crumble the sausage unto the pan and let it brown for a minute or two then turn down the heat to medium. Break the sausage into smaller pieces while it cooks until there is no more pink. Stir in the onions and cook until they are transparent.
  9. Add the biscuits to the oven and bake for 15-18 minutes. They are done when edges are golden brown.
  10. Sprinkle half the flour over the sausage, and stir until it is all soaked up. Add a little more just before the sausage starts to look too dry.
  11. Stir it around and cook for another minute or so, then pour all 4 cups of milk (2 cups whole milk & 2 cups whole-marijuana-milk), stirring constantly.
  12. Cook the gravy, stirring constantly until the gravy thickens. Sprinkle in the spices (salt, pepper, nutmeg, poultry seasoning, Worcestershire sauce, and cayenne pepper) and continue cooking until the gravy is thick and velvetty. If it gets too thick, splash in 1/2 cup of milk. Taste and adjust the seasonings.
Serves: 10-12

Once the gravy is finished and the biscuits are cooked, top the biscuits with the gravy. Serve immediately.

 Thank You: MassRoots

4 Good Reasons Marijuana is Better than Alcohol


Here are just a few of the many ways marijuana outperforms alcohol:

Marijuana is a brain-booster

 
A common stereotype paints medicinal marijuana users as slow-thinking and lazy. However, research has shown that the cannabinoids in marijuana actually help stimulate brain activity. In addition, THC -- the ingredient in marijuana responsible for getting you high -- can actually prevent buildup of amyloid-beta peptides, one of the biggest causes of Alzheimer's disease, in the brain. In fact, the Scripps Research Institute study suggests that THC might even do this better than most legal prescription drugs. Meanwhile, alcohol is a depressant -- meaning it slows down brain activity and even contributes to a worsening in mood.

Medicinal marijuana use has been proven to treat certain health conditions

 
There are a wide number of different ailments that medical marijuana can help treat. From epilepsy to chemotherapy side effects to depression and anxiety, a growing number of people are using medical marijuana as a safe, effective way to treat their health problems. Alcohol, however, lacks these medicinal properties -- and could even make your health worse. Habitual drinking is associated with increased risk of cancer, worsening of epilepsy, cardiovascular disease and much more.

Marijuana is virtually non-addictive

 
The chances of someone becoming addicted to marijuana are lower than any other drug or substance. Only about 9% of people who use marijuana regularly will develop a dependence. Alcoholism occurs at about the same rate. Substances like tobacco result in addiction among about 30% of users, in contrast.


There have been zero deaths on record from marijuana overdose
 
Because it is nearly impossible to overdose on marijuana -- medical or otherwise -- there are no recorded deaths directly resulting from marijuana consumption. Meanwhile, alcohol results in the deaths of as many as 2.5 million people around the world annually, whether it's from alcohol poisoning or from drunk driving.


Thank You: The Medicinal Marijuana Association 

It is Impossible to Lethaly Overdose on Marijuana


In early 2014, the BBC reported that a 31-year-old woman, Gemma Moss, “died as a result of cannabis poisoning.” The real shocker, however, isn’t Moss’ death, but rather the fact that she had smoked only half a joint.

One of the most ambiguous, yet frequently lobbed criticisms of cannabis is the fact that it is “dangerous.” Despite this fear mongering, until more robust research is conducted, the long-term effects of cannabis on the human brain and nervous system will remain in debate.

A 2009 study from American Scientist regarding the toxicity of recreational drugs provides some interesting numbers. The study revealed that using only 10 times the “effective” dose of alcohol can be fatal. However, in the case of cannabis, 1,000 times the effective dose is necessary to achieve a fatal dose (a ratio 100 times greater than that of alcohol).

One of the most common methods by which the “danger” inherent in a particular drug is objectively measured within the medical community is the rate at which it kills those who consume it. This is measured by something called the LD-50 rating, which indicates the dosage necessary to kill 50 percent of test animals “as a result of drug induced toxicity.”

n a 1988 ruling, DEA Administrative Law Judge Francis L. Young detailed the amount of cannabis necessary to achieve a level of toxicity that might cause death in humans:
“At present it is estimated that marijuana’s LD-50 is around 1:20,000 or 1:40,000. In layman terms this means that in order to induce death a marijuana smoker would have to consume 20,000 to 40,000 times as much marijuana as is contained in one marijuana cigarette. A smoker would theoretically have to consume nearly 1,500 pounds of marijuana within about 15 minutes to induce a lethal response.”
Not convinced? According to the National Cancer Institute, part of the National Institutes of Health,

“Because cannabinoid receptors, unlike opioid receptors, are not located in the brainstem areas controlling respiration, lethal overdoses from cannabis and cannabinoids do not occur.”
More recent research has indicated additional reasons why humans don’t die from marijuana poisoning. In 2014, the journal Science published the results of French researchers who have discovered the presence of a natural hormone that reverses marijuana intoxication — in rats, at least. According to the researchers, “When the [rat] brain is stimulated by high doses of THC, it produces pregnenolone — a 3,000 percent increase — that inhibits the effects of THC.”

It’s sad when an otherwise reputable media outlet like the BBC succumbs to the ignorance of decades of global cannabis prohibition. Regardless of a reader’s stance on medical or recreational marijuana, a firm grasp of the facts is necessary to overcome an abundance of misinformation — sometimes even from mainstream media.

In the words of the DEA’s own Judge Young: “Marijuana, in its natural form, is one of the safest therapeutically active substances known to man.”

Thank You: MassRoots

MMJ SURVEY Medicinal Marijuana may be the best treatment for Fibromyalgia


The survey, conducted online, asked more than 1,300 patients with the chronic pain disorder to rate the effectiveness of treatments that they’ve tried. Medical marijuana was compared with the only three drugs approved by the FDA for fibromyalgia: Savella, Lyrica and Cymbalta.

Just 8% of patients that tried Cymbalta and 10% that tried Lyrica or Savella found the drugs to be “very effective” for managing symptoms of the disorder.

For each of the three drugs, over 60% of patients reported that it “does not help at all.”

On the other hand, 62% of patients who tried medical marijuana found it to be “very effective.” Another 33% said it “helps a little,” and only 5% felt that using cannabis for fibromyalgia “does not help at all.”

“I’ve found nothing that has worked for me, apart from marijuana,” explained one patient in the survey. “Nothing but medical marijuana has made the greatest dent in the pain and mental problems,” wrote another.

Fibromyalgia is a disorder of the central nervous system that affects 2-4% of the population, predominately females. But while scientists still puzzle over the true cause of fibromyalgia, the latest findings shouldn’t come as much of a surprise.

In a 2011 study conducted by Spanish researchers, patients who used cannabis showed improvements in pain, stiffness, relaxation and perception of well-being.

“The use of cannabis was associated with beneficial effects on some fibromyalgia symptoms,” noted the authors.
 
Likewise, a 2012 survey found that 1 in 8 Canadians living with fibromyalgia relies on marijuana to cope with their symptoms.

“We think that there’s probably a role for that class of compounds, the cannabinoids in general,” explains Dr. Mark Ware, associate professor of anesthesia at McGill University and co-author of the Canadian survey. “It’s just a question of working out how that’s going to be put into practice,” he adds.

An earlier study by Dr. Ware and his team revealed that nabilone, a pill containing marijuana’s active ingredient, THC, could help fibromyalgia sufferers sleep better. Nabilone has also been shown to reduce pain and improve quality of life scores in patients with the disorder.

Still, some patients prefer natural cannabis over synthetic versions, which are known to have more potent side effects.

via: Leaf Science

Cannabis Ruderalis Explained


Many cannabis consumers and laypeople are familiar with sativa and indica, the two species (or sub-species, for those keeping score) that compose the dual world of marijuana. Sativas, the more rare species, convey an uplifting, energetic, and euphoric high that is good for those suffering from depression and PTSD, whereas the more common indica delivers a solid body buzz, pain relief, and the munchies and is good for insomnia, arthritis, and those undergoing cancer treatment.

What many don’t realize is that there’s a third cannabis cousin typically not considered by patients and cultivators: Ruderalis. Hailing from Central and Southeastern Russia, this variety produces poor yields and contains little THC, giving it no value on the black market. It can be found today throughout China and Russia.

Ruderalis is the most hardy type of cannabis, however, able to withstand conditions in the northern Himalayas region and southern states of the former Soviet Union that would kill sativa and indica strains. The word “ruderalis” is derived from “ruderal,” a botanical term used to describe hardy, non-domesticated plants, including weeds.

Cannabis ruderalis was first discovered in 1924 by Russian botanist D.E. Janischevsky, who was studying cannabis along the Volga River. What makes ruderalis special is its ability to autoflower. Unlike sativa and indica strains, which require a change in light cycles to bring on the flowering stage of the plant, ruderalis needs no such illuminatory nudging. It does not grow wild at latitudes south of 50 degrees north of the equator.


Good Source of CBD

 

The recent focus on tinctures and other medical cannabis preparations high in CBD and low in THC — perfect for treating conditions like childhood epilepsy — has renewed the focus of many gardeners on ruderalis. Strains low in THC are being embraced for their ability to deliver the efficacy of cannabis without the psychoactivity provided by THC.

According to celebrated California cannabis author and entrepreneur Ed Rosenthal:

“The high from ruderalis is more of a zoom that quickly descends into a headache. Hybrids and cross breeding, on the other hand, often produce a very respectable high.”

Although many label ruderalis a species or sub-species of cannabis, a 2005 study found little genetic justification for considering this odd man out of the marijuana world a separate species. Some researchers and breeders believe ruderalis to itself be an ancient hybrid of indica and sativa genetics.


Hydroponics 101


Growing marijuana traditionally in soil works fine, but it’s messy, high maintenance and it limits your ability to hide the smell. Marijuana plants come with a pungent odor and most of the time, growers don’t want their house to smell like a kingpin’s headquarters. Even just a couple of plants can come with an overwhelming smell. Instead, growers should consider using hydroponics systems, which offers a soil free method of growing that’s low maintenance and can be easily concealed inside a grow box, grow tent, or any other secluded environment. It’s great for growing in closets and small environments, or even basements and big open spaces.

Growers can use complex setups such as a grow tent with an intake fan and outtake fan that runs the air through a carbon filter. The air absolutely must be exhausted out of the grow tent in order to keep the temperature just right and the grow conditions ideal. Carbon filters are the most effective solution for eliminating the smell before it gets to the open air.

Getting started with hydroponics is far from easy, as it has a much steeper learning curve than traditional soil growing. However, once the grower is experienced and familiar with hydroponics, it requires far less maintenance and very rarely will the plants need to be checked on. Hydroponic systems use a reservoir of nutrient enhanced water to supply the plants with the nutrients they need to grow. This allows the plants to grow without soil. Soil’s not actually needed, it just provides the right environment for the nutrients to get to the roots. Hydroponic systems reinvented the way we grow crops and are even playing a role in organic gardening for fruits and vegetables.

Hydroponics comes down to two basic tasks: making sure the pH level in the water reservoir is correct and making sure you have added the right amount of nutrients to the water. These are two tasks that you will do often in the beginning. It’s recommended that you do this daily to ensure that you don’t make any mistakes with your first grow.

It’s as if hydroponics didn’t already have enough to convince growers it’s the ideal way to grow their plants, because it also provides faster grow times and higher yields. If you want to grow your medical marijuana plants up to 3X faster than how long it would take growing in soil, and if you’re excited about your plants producing better yields than soil grown plants, then hydroponics is for you. Most growers report significantly faster and better yielding crops when using hydroponic systems.  

by: Marijuana Growers Headquarters

MMJ vs MRSA


In 2008 a first of its kind study conducted by a team of British and Italian researchers had already found that one of the world’s most commonly cultivated plants could stop MRSA in its tracks: marijuana.

Specifically, the team tested five of marijuana’s most common cannabinoids against six different MRSA strains of “clinical relevance”, including epidemic EMRSA strains, which are the ones responsible for hospital outbreaks. They found that every single one of the cannabinoids tested showed “potent activity” against a wide variety of the bacteria.

Cannabinoids are substances unique to the cannabis plant that have wide-ranging medicinal properties: they fight cancer, reverse inflammation and act as powerful antioxidants. Now we know that they are also some of the most powerful antibiotics on earth.

“Everything points towards these compounds having been evolved by the plants as antimicrobial defenses that specifically target bacterial cells,” said Simon Gibbons, one of the authors of the study and head of the Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry at the University College London School of Pharmacy, in a follow up interview in the MIT Technological Review.

Amazingly, the cannabinoids even showed “exceptional activity” against a strain of the MRSA that had developed extra proteins for increased resistance to antibiotics, showing that cannabis remained effective despite the bacteria’s adaptations.

“The actual mechanism by which they kill the bugs is still a mystery…” said Gibbons. “I really cannot hazard a guess how they do it, but their high potency as antibiotics suggests there must be a very specific mechanism.”
The researchers recommend cannabis as the source of new and effective antibiotic products that can be used in institutional settings right now.

“The most practical application of cannabinoids would be as topical agents to treat ulcers and wounds in a hospital environment, decreasing the burden of antibiotics,” said Giovanni Appendino, a professor at Italy’s Piemonte Orientale University and co-author of the study.

Since two of the most potently antibacterial cannabinoids were not psychoactive at all and appear in abundance in the common and fast-growing hemp plant, producing the antibiotics of the future could be quick and simple.

“What this means is, we could use fiber hemp plants that have no use as recreational drugs to cheaply and easily produce potent antibiotics,” Appendino concluded.

From: Marijuana: The Super Antibiotic Of The Future By: Reset.me

MMJ EDIBLE RECIPE Blueberry Oatmeal Muffins



Ingredients


  • 3 tablespoons cannabis-butter
  • 1 2/3 cups old fashioned rolled oats
  • 2/3 cup flour
  • 1/2 cup whole-wheat flour
  • 3/4 cup packed light brown sugar
  • 2 teaspoons ground cinnamon
  • 1 teaspoon baking powder
  • 1 teaspoon baking soda
  • 3/4 teaspoon salt
  • 1 1/2 cups buttermilk
  • 1/4 cup canola oil
  • 2 teaspoons lemon zest
  • 2 large eggs
  • 2 cups frozen blueberries
  • 2 tablespoons flour (for tossing blueberries)
  • cooking spray
  • 2 tablespoons granulated sugar

Directions


  1. Preheat the oven to 400ºF
  2. Melt 3 tablespoons cannabis-butter in a medium skillet over medium heat. Add the oats and cook, stirring frequently until the oats turn a golden brown (about 6 to 8 minutes).
  3. Transfer the oats to a food processor and process into a fine meal (about 30 seconds). Once processed, place in a large bowl.
  4. Add the flours, sugar, cinnamon, baking powder, baking soda, and salt to the oats and mix well. Then make a well in the center of the mixture.
  5. In a separate bowl, combine the buttermilk, canola oil, lemon zest, and eggs. Once combined, add to the center of the flour and oats mixture and stir until moist.
  6. Toss the blueberries with the 2 tablespoons flour and fold them into the batter.
  7. Grease the cups of a muffin pan with cooking spray and pour the batter evenly among them. Sprinkle the tops with 2 tablespoons granulated sugar, dispersing evenly.
  8. Bake for 20 minutes, or until the muffins spring back when touched lightly in the center. Remove the muffins from the pans immediately and let cool on a wire rack.
Yield: 16 muffins
Serve immediately and enjoy!
Leftover muffins can be stored in an airtight container for up to 7 days.

Thank You: MassRoots

Substantial Number of Military Vets Use Cannabis to Teat PTSD


A study published in the American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy, and e-published ahead of print by the National Institute of Health, has found that a substantial number of military veterans use cannabis to treat post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), with many finding relief from the condition’s primary symptoms.

“When inhaled or delivered orally or transdermally, cannabinoids (the psychoactive components of unrefined marijuana and various derivative products) activate endogenous cannabinoid receptors, modulating neurotransmitter release and producing a wide range of central nervous system effects, including increased pleasure and alteration of memory processes”, states the study’s abstract. “Those effects provide a pharmacologic rationale for the use of cannabinoids to manage the three core PTSD symptom clusters: reexperiencing, avoidance and numbing, and hyperarousal.”

According to researchers; “Cross-sectional studies have found a direct correlation between more severe PTSD symptomatology and increased motivation to use cannabis for coping purposes, especially among patients with difficulties in emotional regulation or stress tolerance. Data from 4 small studies suggested that cannabinoid use was associated with global improvements in PTSD symptoms or amelioration of specific PTSD symptoms such as insomnia and nightmares. Large well-designed controlled trials are needed in order to better delineate the potential role of cannabinoids as an adjunct or alternative to conventional approaches to PTSD management.”

The study concludes; “While further research into cannabinoid treatment effects on PTSD symptoms is required, the evaluated evidence indicates that substantial numbers of military veterans with PTSD use cannabis or derivative products to control PTSD symptoms, with some patients reporting benefits in terms of reduced anxiety and insomnia and improved coping ability.”

More Great Reading from: The Joint Blog

MMJ Edible RECIPE Medicated Chocolate Mouse

Recipe by Payton Curry from marijuanarecipes.com

Nothing says I love you more than chocolate laced with weed ladies and gentlemen. You’d be wise to keep this in mind as Valentine’s Day approaches. Anyhow this is an easy recipe to follow and has a high rate of return in my home kitchen. Take the time to infuse your cream and you will be happy with the results. I like to layer soaked lady fingers with this mousse and garnish it all with chocolate covered espresso beans. Enjoy!
 
Medicated Chocolate Mousse Ingredients:
4 large egg yolks
4 Tbsp HoneyBuzz (see recipe below)
2 Cups CannaMilk (see recipe below)
8 ounces bittersweet chocolate, melted
1 tsp pure vanilla extract
Tip: Whip the egg white in a chilled bowl cleaned with a bit of vinegar before chilling. Chill the whip also!


Method:
In a medium saucepan, whisk together egg yolks, two tablespoons HoneyBuzz, and 3/4 cup infused heavy cream. Cook over medium-low heat, stirring until mixture coats back of spoon, 4 to 4 minutes (do not boil). Remove from heat; whisk in melted chocolate and vanilla. Strain into a bowl; chill until cool. With an electric mixer, beat remaining 1 1/4 cups heavy cream with remaining 2 tablespoons HoneyBuzz until stiff peaks form. Stir 1/3 of whipped cream into cooled custard mixture, then gently fold in the rest with a rubber spatula.

HoneyBuzz Recipe
  Honey Buzz Ingredients:
2 Cups Organic honey
14 g Cannabis Decarb’d (Instructions located here)
1 Cup water


Method:
 Place Kief into your crock pot and turn on HIGH. Once the kief is fragrant pour in some water and bring it all to a nice simmer. Pour in your honey and allow it to cook for 3-5 hours.

CannaMilk Recipe
  
 CannaMilk Ingredients:
1 cup/250ml Whole Milk or Cream
1/8oz or 3.5g of finely ground cannabis
Weed grinder


Method:
Be sure to grind your weed very fine. It will work better this way. Add the milk and cannabis to a pan at a medium heat. Bring the contents to a boil and simmer it for an hour. Remember to stir and be careful because milk can easily overflow if there’s too much heat. Let the CannaMilk cool the strain the milk through cheese cloth and store it in an airtight container. Make sure to keep the CannaMilk refrigerated and use it before the expiration date on the carton.

Payton Curry, the Culinary Cannabis Chef at Northsight Capital—who oversee WeedDepot.com and MarijuanaRecipes.com—is a modern-day apothecary combining his skills for cooking with a desire to teach people about the benefits of medicinal marijuana and how to prepare their own treatments. The talented Culinary Institute of America graduate also owns Brat Haüs in Scottsdale, AZ and Cannabis Curryosity Consulting.

via: Stuff Stoners Like

Tips for Transplanting Marijuana Plants


When it’s time to transplant into larger containers, your choice of container size, container setup, and your transplant method are all important factors. Each can impact the success of your transplant. Since I have have quite a bit of experience with this, I thought I’d share a few tips to help you successfully transplant your young marijuana plants. Some of these tips are common sense while others may be new even for experienced growers.

1. Pot size selection

A great rule of thumb is to choose a new pot that is at least double the size of the old one. Avoid potting up into a huge pot, If you place a 6-pack sized root ball into a 5 gallon pot you’ll have to keep 5 gallons of soil moist which at first the roots won’t reach. This is a waste of water and plant food. Larger pots will also require greater spacing which for indoor growing means more lights and wasted electricity.

2. Assess root ball condition

If your plant has become overly root bound in its old pot, consider breaking up the root ball a little. Gently pull it apart just enough to break the shape of the old pot. Some roots will be damaged but in the long run it will help the roots break out of the old pot shape and aid in root expansion.

3. Avoid Stress

Be sure not to transplant in direct sunlight. Roots don’t like direct light or exposure to dry conditions. Transplant in the early morning or better yet the evening. If possible, allow freshly transplanted plants to remain in their old environment for a day or two before moving them into new conditions.
4. Stake plants
If the plants are tall and delicate, or have a hard time standing on their own, stake them with bamboo and secure with at least 2 plant ties. This helps prevent them from being overturned if jostled. As the plant develops, be sure to remove these ties or they will become tight and even girdle the plant.

5. Rapid potting trick

If you have a lot of plants to transplant consider pre-filling the new containers with fresh planting mix. Use an empty pot, that is the same size as your old pots as a spacer to create a perfectly sized socket for the root ball to fit into. Simply stage the filled, new pots off to one side and remove the ‘spacer’ just prior to the actual transplanting action. This trick can save a lot of time and minimizes air and light exposure which reduces plant stress (see tip 3). Pots can even be filled and staged days before the actual transplant.

6. Do not overly pack the soil

The first time you water the plants the soil settles and natural compacts. this is the ideal amount of compaction for most soils. If you under pack the pots, they might settle to be only half full. If pots are over compacted, the new roots will have to work harder to branch out. Compacting the soil just right takes a little practice and varies with soil moisture content and texture.

7. Always water immediately following transplant

The first watering helps settle the soil around the root ball and collapses any voids that may have formed inside the container, it also helps the young plant cope with transplant stress. Use a watering wand with a gentle diffuser to avoid upsetting the soil and root ball.

8. Post-transplant shock reduction

The only thing plants need after transplant is water. That being said, there are many products that claim to reduce transplant shock. To list a few; Superthrive, Liquinox b1, and Dyna Gro KLN. They all contain a plant growth regulator (PGR) called naphthylacetic acid (NAA). This PGR is also found in many cloning solutions. NAA is very powerful and actually forces the plant to abandon vegetative growth and focus only on root development. If any of these items are used, be sure to follow the labels instructions. Don’t use too much.

9. Post transplant Fertilizer

I don’t recommend use of liquid fertilizer for the first 2 watering. Fresh soil typically contains everything the plant needs for at least 3 weeks. There are of course exceptions to this. Some lower end soils may be nutritionally void, while other mixes are intentionally made this way, i.e. Promix HP, Sunshine #2, and other Peat/perlite blends. These mixes can be amended with dry organic additives, or supplemented with ¼-½ strength liquid fertilizer. Other growers recommend ¼-½ strength bloom food at this time because the additional phosphorus and potassium can aid in root development.

10. Listen to Music

This might seem like an odd one but transplanting can be both stressful and monotonous. Some good tunes will get you in a rhythm, help you relax and make the time go by a lot quicker.

via: Marijuana Growers Headquarters

The Difference between Sativa and Indica


Most stoners have heard about sativa and indica, but far fewer understand the differences between these two very different kinds of cannabis.

First let’s take a look at the more popular cannabis sativa:

Sativa offers a “headier high”, stimulating mental focus, imagination and creativity.
 
Great for daytime smoking because it doesn’t knock you out like an indica heavy strain.
 
It can be used to help treat mental and behavioral disorders such as ADHD and depression.
 
Sativa heavy strains give you a powerful case of the munchies, making them great for anyone who has trouble eating.
 
The high from cannabis sativa is very uplifting and stimulating.
 
Sativa strains contain a higher THC (tetrahydrocannabinol) to CBD (cannabidiol) ratio, making sativa the more psychoactive of the two strains.

Now let’s look at cannabis indica:

Indica is more of a body high, thought to put you “in da couch”.
 
Great for nighttime smoke sessions because it acts as a great sleep aid.
 
There are many medical uses for cannabis indica because it helps relieve chronic pain and relaxes muscles.
 
Indica strains contain a higher CBD to THC ratio, making indica less psychoactive (the feeling of being “high”) than sativa strains. 

The CBD in indica can be extracted and used for its anti-epileptic and anti-anxiety effects without impairing the user’s mental state.

Spot the Difference

 

Knowing how each strain effects the body is a great start, but spotting the difference between the two strains can make you look like a pot pro in front of your buds.

Sativa plants grow tall and thin, some plants reaching upwards of 20 feet.
You can spot a sativa bud by looking for thinner bud structure and long slender leaves.


Indica plants are a much shorter and denser plant, making the preferred choice for indoor growers.

You can spot an indica bud by looking for tight, dense bud structure and short broad leaves.


Hybrids:

Many strains today are a mix between a sativa and indica, giving you the best of both worlds. Hybrids are usually classified as either sativa or indica dominant, giving the user an idea of what kind of high to expect.

Some people just don’t care about what strain they are smoking, as long as it does the job. Others can benefit from understanding the key differences between the two cannabis families and shape their high accordingly.

More Good Stuff from: The 420 Times

Marijuana vs Loneliness


Timothy Deckman & Nathan DeWall from the University of Kentucky, Lexington and their colleagues conducted a series of four studies. Using a large database, they found that lonely people who used marijuana had higher feelings of self-worth and rated their mental health as better than lonely people who did not use marijuana. Further, lonely marijuana users were less likely to suffer from episodes of major depression (as diagnosed by clinicians) than lonely non-marijuana users.

Going further, the researchers then tracked high-school students for three years. After establishing baselines for loneliness and marijuana use, they found that lonely students who did not use marijuana were significantly more depressed two years later than lonely students who did use marijuana. In other words, marijuana buffered the effects of loneliness and limited the extent to which it (and other loneliness-related variables) led to clinical depression.

In a fourth experimental study, researchers induced feelings of rejection in participants by using a rigged computer game that excluded them from a social interaction (a paradigm that has been used many times in studies of rejection). They found that active marijuana users reported less emotional pain as a result of the social exclusion experiment than participants who did not use marijuana, or who used it infrequently (these were college kids…).

In summarizing their work the researchers concluded, “After four studies, we found that marijuana buffered the lonely from: negative self-ratings of self-worth and mental health, depression over time, and even distress following exclusion.”

Treating Symptoms vs. Fixing the Problem

The researchers emphasize they are not condoning the use of marijuana and point out that there are many negative consequences of marijuana use. They hope only to offer insight into why marijuana is the most widely-used illicit drug in the United States and, to that end, they suggest people might be using the drug to better manage feelings of rejection and loneliness.

Their caution is well founded.

To truly emerge from loneliness, a person has to create new social connections and/or to deepen their emotional bonds with existing people in their lives. Deepening existing connections is important because of the subjective nature of loneliness. For example, many people in long-term relationships are extremely lonely despite living with a significant other. (Read Are You Married but Lonely?)

But this is where marijuana might actually be problematic for lonely people: One of the negative consequences of frequent marijuana use is its tendency to induce lethargy in some people and to hamper motivation. As a result, marijuana might dampen the pain of social/emotional isolation on the one hand but reduce a person’s motivation to take action that could alleviate their isolation on the other.

Therefore, marijuana should by no means be considered a cure for loneliness but it might certainly provide significant symptom relief for those who do not have the option, for a variety of reasons, to take actions that could enhance their social or emotional bonds. Others should be cautioned that using marijuana for symptom relief might have a detrimental effect when it comes to conceiving and taking steps to remedy their isolation.

More at: Psychology Today

Some Great Uses for Cannabis Infused Coconut Oil


The health benefits of both cannabis and coconut oil are remarkable. Coconut oil has a very high saturated fat content for a plant-derived oil, making it an ideal candidate for cannabis infusion that can create incredibly versatile product with all the benefits of both. Cannabis coconut oil can be applied in so many different ways and part of the fun is experimenting and finding out what works for you. Here are seven ways to incorporate cannabis coconut oil into your life, and you can check out our easy recipe for cannabis coconut oil here.

1. Relieve muscle aches

When cannabis is infused into the right substance, it can be absorbed through the skin when applied topically. Apply cannabis coconut oil on sore muscles or feet and it will work quickly to reduce aches and pains.

2. Replace ingredients in a recipe

Coconut oil can replace butter or other cooking oils in your favorite recipes by simply replacing the amount of oil that the recipe with coconut oil instead. You can also get creative and just add the infused oil to anything you think could be interesting – a spoonful in an otherwise unmedicated dish will definitely be the cherry on top.

3. Soothe a sunburn

While the healthiest thing to do is avoid sunburns all together, it’s summertime and sun happens. Coconut oil infused with cannabis is a great way to help a sunburn heal and minimize skin peeling in the following days.

4. Medicate a massage

Use cannabis-infused coconut oil as massage oil for a whole new level of relaxation. Make sure to find a masseuse or friend who is also a fan of 420 as the cannabis will be absorbed through the skin (unless gloves are used).

5. Make coco-capsules

The amount and quality of fat in coconut oil means that it becomes quite saturated with cannabis when infused. Empty capsules can be filled with the liquid oil by using a dropper.

6. Have a cup of canna-coffee

You can use coconut oil as a creamer by blending it the oil with hot coffee. Just stirring the oil into the coffee won’t achieve the creamy texture and frothy top – you’ll need a blender to create that smooth effect. It’s almost like a latte, but with none of the milk and much more marijuana. Just combine a cup or two of coffee, a spoonful of cannabis coconut oil in a blender, pulse until frothy, then enjoy immediately.

7. Moisturize your skin

Do you deal with chapped lips, hands or feet? Cannabis-infused coconut oil is great for helping the healing process, as well as alleviating the discomfort of dry skin. Apply directly to the afflicted area or use preventatively to avoid dryness in the first place.

via: Cannabis Now Magazine

MMJ RECIPE Marijuana Infused Tea

Necessary Ingredients For Marijuana Infused Tea

 

Making marijuana-infused tea is a relatively simple process that requires only the most basic ingredients. Along with the substances and implements needed to brew a regular cup of tea, such as a tea bag, a mug, and a cup of boiling water, this recipe requires a small quantity of cannabis infused butter (sometimes referred to as cannabutter).

Patients who have never made cannabis infused butter before may need more detailed instructions, but the following refresher should serve for people with experience preparing this substance. Making cannabutter takes several hours, but the steps are relatively simple:

  • Gather the ingredients, which are two sticks of butter, .5 ounces of cannabis, and two cups of water. The cannabis can be raw or ground, but it should be fresh off the plant.
  • Mix the three ingredients together in a pot, heat as usual, and simmer for two to three hours. Some stirring may be necessary to prevent the cannabutter from burning.
  • Allow the mixture to cool, strain it into a container, and refrigerate it overnight. This allows the butter to separate from the water.
Eventually, the cannabis-infused butter will float to the top of the container and solidify. The next day, it should be easy to remove the butter and store it on its own.

Preparing Cannabis Infused Tea Is Easy

 

Once the cannabutter is ready, marijuana-infused tea can be prepared in as little as 10 minutes. The tea is brewed just like regular tea. A tea bag and one teaspoon of cannabutter should be added to a mug, and then one cup of boiling water should be poured in. The tea should not be consumed until the cannabutter has fully dissolved. If desired, marijuana-infused tea can be prepared with milk or sugar.

Although this recipe is simple, medical marijuana patients should still be careful to pay attention to dosage and appreciate the delayed onset. Cannabis may have adverse effects when it is consumed in excess, and cannabis ingested in the form of marijuana-infused tea is no exception. Patients who follow this recipe closely, however, should find that it provides a simple and effective alternative to smoking.

Benefits and Therapeutic Effects of Infused Tea at: Medical Jane

GROW TIP Identifying Marijuana Plant Diseases and What to Do About It

 


Diseases on marijuana plants and infections usually create the worst possible issues for your plants. They have a tendency to be much harder to treat than pests. Diseases in your plants will usually come in one of two major categories: fungal or bacterial. Fungal diseases are often caused by environments that are too damp or humid, or places which lack airflow. Fungal spores float around in the air looking for a suitably damp place to root down and if the environment is right, that suitably damp place might be on your cannabis plant.

Bacterial infections are often sneakier and harder to notice. They are spread by a number of different possible vehicles, ranging from insects and humans to rain and unclean soil or substrate. Bacteria can sometimes get into a plant and then leave it mostly untouched unless the plant is weakened by external stresses, at which point they can quickly take down the whole plant.

Proper treatment of a fungal or bacterial disease requires a knowledge of the potential symptoms, which we’ll list below. As always, the best defense against disease is prevention. Do your best to create an environment which is healthy for plants and inhospitable for fungus and bacterial growth.

Algae  
Bud Rot  
Leaf Septoria  
Powdery Mildew  
Fusarium  
Verticillium Wilt  
Root Rot
Damping Off

Always Great Tips from: I Love Growing Marijuana

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